What Is A Stock Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 935 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? A stock market also known as an equity market is a public entity where shares are issued and traded either through exchanges or over-the-counter markets. It provides companies with a platform to raise capital and investors with a percentage of ownership in the company. The New York Stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange in the USA, in terms of market capitalization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is A Stock Market Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In Asia, few of the prominent examples include the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange etc. The stock market allows shares of businesses to be publicly traded, or raise additional financial capital for expansion (through additional stock offerings). The liquidity that an exchange provides to the investors gives them the ability to easily buy and sell securities. Some companies actively increase liquidity by trading in their own shares. Share prices and stock market movements are an important part of the dynamics of economic activity, and is often considered a good indicator of economic health of a nation. An economy where the stock market is on the rise is considered to be a healthy economy. In fact, the stock market is often considered the primary indicator of a countrys economic strength, development and progress. Rising share prices, for instance, tend to be associated with increased business investment and vice versa. Share prices also affect the income levels o f households and their spending and consumption patterns. Therefore, central banks tend to keep a watchful eye on the smooth operation and stability of the financial system. The intrinsic value of a company and its stock Intrinsic or fundamental value is the perceived value of an investments future cash flows, expected growth, and risk. A wise investor would want to purchase shares at a rate which is lower than the intrinsic value, which may be quite different from the market price (which is determined by the forces of demand and supply) of the share. Every buyer and seller has his/her own rationale behind purchasing or selling an asset, and they may employ different methods to estimate the value of the asset before making a decision to trade in it. Therefore, an asset may trade at a price which is significantly below or above its perceived intrinsic or fundamental value. The purpose of estimating intrinsic value is to take advantage of mispriced assets. If the market value of an asset is above its intrinsic value then the investor might choose to sell the asset. If the market value of an asset is below intrinsic value then the investor might choose to purchase the asset. In broad terms, t here are 3 commonly used methods to calculate the intrinsic value of a stock:- Discounted Cash Flow or NPV Analysis The most common technique is the discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis for calculating the net present value. In simple terms, the DCF technique tries to compute the value today, based on projections of all of the cash flows that the company aims to generate during a few years in the future. It works on the principle of time value of money (TVM) (i.e. cash to be received in the future is of less than that received today). This is not always easy; it is a difficult task to forecast how a companys future cash flows will grow, the duration for which they will grow, and what rate should be used to discount it and arrive at its present value. The DCF technique can be outlined in 4 steps as follows:- Step 1: Forecast the expected cash flows of the company. Various assumptions regarding the growth rate, working capital requirements etc. will have to be used in order to arrive at a relatively accurate forecast. Step 2: Compute the discount rate to be used for computing the NPV of the cash flows. This rate is also known as the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). WACC = [E/(E+D)*Re] + [D/(E+D)*Rd][1-Tc] Where, E = Market value of the firms equity D = Market value of the firms debt Re = Cost of equity Rd = Cost of debt Tc = Corporate tax rate. Step 3: Calculate the value of the company by using the WACC to discount the expected cash flows. Step 4: Calculate the intrinsic stock value, by subtracting the companys liabilities (such as debt, preferred stock etc.) to get the Value to Common Equity and then divide this by the number of shares outstanding. The advantage of DCF analysis is that it is based on free cash flows (FCF), which is less subject to manipulation than figures and estimates computed using the financial statements of a company. It is also forward-looking and relies more on the future performance o f the company, rather than past trends. Earnings power value (EPV) Earnings Power Value is a valuation technique which uses the equation: EPV equals Adjusted Earnings divided by the companys Cost of Capital. This technique works under the assumption that there is no growth. Therefore, analysts believe that this is a simpler way to analyze stocks than DCF analysis (which relies on speculative growth assumptions for the future). However, it does rely on an assumption about the cost of capital, as well as the fact that current earnings are sustainable (with several adjustments). Asset-based methods These methods require analysis and computed based on figures available in the financial statements of a company (such as Income Statement, Balance Sheet etc.). One of the techniques (the liquidation value technique) aims to estimate the value at which the various assets of the company (such as land, machinery etc.) can be sold off, after accounting for any liabilities that may be outstanding at that point of time.

The Effects Of Internet On The Internet - 1224 Words

Negative Effects of the Internet Over time, the Internet is one of the best inventions and source to get knowledge about any desired aspect. Using the Internet has become a necessary, daily routine. The Internet has allowed people to stay in contact with others, be updated with the latest things happening in the world, and get knowledge of anything we want within seconds. However, the Internet is not just benefiting people but also harming people. The overuse of Internet has brought many negative effects upon people. In the essays â€Å"Isolated by the Internet†, by Clifford Stoll, â€Å"The Flight from Conversation†, by Sherry Turkle, and â€Å"Addicted to Technology† by Gary Small and Gigi Vorgan, the authors share the common perspective that over using the Internet negatively effects individuals. In their opinions the use of Internet has negatively affected people mentally, socially, and has made them addicted to the Internet. These effects brought concerns su ch as isolation, depression, addiction, loneliness, stress, weak social ties, anonymity, and altering identities. Personally, I agree with the authors’ opinion of the use of Internet and its mental, social, and addictive effects towards people. Although, the Internet is sufficient to an individual there are many downs that have become serious issues in society today. Even though the Internet can bring happiness to an individual, the overuse of the Internet has mentally effects people by depression, stress, loneliness, and anxiety.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Internet On The Internet1520 Words   |  7 PagesEver since the Internet was first introduced to the world, its usage has been increasing each year, as advancing technology makes it more accessible to the public. The increased usage of the Internet has created an Internet-dominated society. With the Internet becoming such a used tool, many people have grown dependent on the Internet for their daily lives. This dependency and over-usage of the Internet sometimes leads to negative symptoms, many which are similar to those of addictions. The WorldRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet On The Internet2010 Words   |  9 PagesThe internet is more readily available today than it has even been before; Individuals feel that they can implement their freedom of speech right on the internet as they please. This raises concerns about how we can regulate offensive or harmful forms of speech such as pornography, hate speech. The internet has actually created special problems for censoring and posting materials online. In this paper I will discuss the most feasible way of regulating online content, when to draw the line betweenRead MoreInternet Addiction And Its Effects On The Internet970 Words   |  4 PagesInternet addiction can have numerous factors. It can be awarding and the same time harmful. We live in a world that we can gain access to countless terabytes of information right at our fingertips. Many of the popular social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit contribute to the whole internet addiction. Should the innovators of these platforms are who to blame for the ever growing addiction to the internet? Let’s look at this with the social media perspective using Kantianism and ActRead MoreInternet Security And Its Effects On The Internet1856 Words   |  8 PagesInternet Security Due to the nature of the Internet, an open network with the ability to share information it is inherently vulnerable to an attack. There are many forms of damaging attacks on the internet; however Internet Security is a means of preventing these attacks on internet users. It is particularly important for business to have this security implemented to prevent damages to a company, financially and by upholding their reputation. Internet security is the protection of information throughRead MoreEffects of Internet3070 Words   |  13 Pagesuses internet, but most of the people do not know its effect. This paper aims to show the effects of internet on its users’ lives. An analytic literature review is followed. Based on twelve sources, the paper describes the effect of internet on three major fields in life. First, in their article â€Å"Online communication and adolescent relationships†, Subrahmanyan and Greenfield stressed on the effect of internet on the communication between friends, strangers and family members. Second, Internet hasRead MoreInternet Protocol And Its Effect On The Internet1698 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as smart phones and laptops, connect to the internet requiring a unique internet address for them to make the internet to function. The internet addresses are provided by the internet protocol (Levin Stephen, 2014). Currently, the very large proportion of the internet prot ocol (IP) addresses are provided by the internet protocol vision 4(IPv4) (Hamarsheh, Marnix , Rafe , 2011). The address format in IPv4 is dotted decimal notation. Internet protocol visions 4 uses 32-bit address which canRead MoreInternet Technology And Its Effects On The Internet1463 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The internet is used among billions of individuals, which have led to numerous new assaults, that are caused by utilizing web browsers. These browser assaults can range from malicious coding to URL manipulation to clickjacking are noticeably difficult to avoid. As the frequency of the Internet expands, web browsers have turned into the essential technique for individuals to utilize Internet assets. As technology advances, there will be threatening cybersecurity concerns that must beRead MoreInternet Technology And Its Effects On The Internet831 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The internet is use among billions of individuals, which have led to numerous new assaults, that are caused by utilizing web browsers. These browser assaults can range from malicious coding to URL manipulation to clickjacking are noticeably difficult to avoid. As the frequency of the Internet expands, web browsers have turned into the essential technique for individuals to utilize Internet assets. As technology advances, there will be threatening cybersecurity concerns that must beRead MoreInternet Negative Effects891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Internet is a technology that has negative impacts on our daily lives. It has changed aspects of our life for the last 50 years, and it has demonstrated the considerable influence on people’s lives. Almost 3.2 billion people in the world use the internet. The Internet has gained acceptance across the globe, and it has also become central to the critical changes experienced in today’s society. Some of the changes are social isolati on, health disorder, a lack of privacy and internet addiction.Read MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Internet911 Words   |  4 PagesThe world wide web otherwise called the internet came about in the 1960s and was primary used for researchers and academia. But since the 1990s, the internet has had that revolutionary effect on the culture and commerce in our society. This includes communication by email, instant messaging, internet phone calls. In addition, there is also the world wide web with discussion forums, social networking sites, and online shopping sites which several amount of people, despite their generation have utilized

How to Write Case Analysis Free Essays

Read a case at your normal speed without stopping to take notes. Read the assignment at the end of the case (if there is an assignment), and then carefully read the entire case again, taking notes in the margins as you read. Your task is to identify problems in the case, formulate recommendations to solve these problems, and then write your analysis with the following four headings: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Summary of the facts presented. 2. Analysis of the problems. 3. Recommendations for solutions to the problems. 4. Implications your recommendations will have on the operation of the organization. Follow the above format even if there are Assignment questions at the end of the case. Important: Weave the answers to the Assignment questions into your â€Å"Recommendations† section. As you write your case analysis, you must include appropriate references to the assigned reading. Your references should be in the following formats: For books and articles, (Brandenburger Nalebuff, 1996. p. 126) and for Web articles and material, (www. charleswarner. us/articles/BUDGETS. html. September, 2004). The date in the Web reference is the month you accessed a Web site. Do not include a bibliography or references section at the end of your case analysis unless you refer to books or articles that are not Required or Recommended Reading. Summary Begin your write-up with a concise synthesis of the facts in the case, under the heading â€Å"Summary. † Stick to one or two sentences and do not put any discussion of problems or recommendations for solutions in this section. Analysis The most important section of your case analysis comes next, under the heading â€Å"Analysis. † This section should be the longest, most thorough section of your write-up. Managers cannot solve problems unless they can first identify them. Recognizing problems and then understanding the nature of the problems is the proper beginning of all managerial action. Solutions generally fall in place relatively easily once problems are recognized and understood. There are often several viable solutions to problems in a case, but you cannot implement any of them if you cannot identify the problems. It is important that there are references to the assigned reading in the Analysis section. Your grade will depend, to a large degree, on how many appropriate, relevant, references you include in your write-up. Recommendations Next, write your recommendations on to how to solve the problems in a section titled â€Å"Recommendations. † Put the solutions in order of priority. It is vitally important that you include references to the assigned reading in the Recommendations section, too. If there are questions or assignments at the end of the case, weave your answers into the Recommendations section of the case. Implications. Finally, in your â€Å"Implications† section you should elaborate what implications your recommendations will have on the operation of the organization in the short and long term and what broader policy implications your recommendations might have not only on your organization but also on the business community, if there are any. In other words, if your recommendations are implemented, what changes will the organization and the business community in general have to make in the way they do things now and in the future? Include appropriate references in this section, too. How to cite How to Write Case Analysis, Papers

Rap and Women free essay sample

Rap Music and Females Rap music over time really has started to downgrade females. In the rap world, women are Just accessories to the male rappers. Many females dont pay attention to the lyrics, but to the beat of the song. If they were to listen to the lyrics, they would realize how degrading it Is. Women should be respected more instead of called out of their name. The younger artists are more degrading which causes younger children to start treating females in ways they shouldnt.Today, It Is more common to hear such ritual, degrading lyrics. Rap Is the most Influential power of hip-hop culture. The fact that It encourages disrespecting women Is concerning. It makes the future look Like Its going to have a bad outcome. Big record companies have little Incentive to renewed calls for a ban on lyrics that degrade women and blacks. We must deal with the fact that ho and the b-word are words that are wrong from nobodys lips, the Rev. We will write a custom essay sample on Rap and Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page AY Sheraton said after CBS fired radio host Don Emus over his remarks about the Rutgers womens basketball team.But words that are demeaning to women and blacks litter six of Billboards Top 10 rap singles suggesting that listeners do not share his sentiments. The explicit song This Is Why Im Hot, by the Washington Heights rapper Aims, was the No. L Pop hit for several weeks running. The song, which freely uses the b-word when referring to women, has been downloaded 853,000 times, according to Nielsen Sounds, which tracks music sales.

Effective Communication For Managers †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effective Communication For Managers. Answer: Introduction In the present day scenario, it is important for the managers to inculcate several important managerial skills within him. It is only after he has started practicing the skill that he can implement it within his employees as well. There are many important qualities that manager must inculcate within himself-they are critical thinking, planning, coordinating, cooperating, following up, determined and also communication. Communication happens to be the most essential and basic managerial skill. Communication is the very key to management. If the communication does not take place freely and from both the ends then the entire process of communication remains incomplete. Effective communication is indeed a very useful tool. Being a manager, it must be his utmost priority to effectively communicate with all his employees. This will make the employees very free within the office environment (Shen Austin 2017). Theoretical concepts The ability of the manager to successfully communicate with their superiors, colleagues and other employees are important irrespective of the industry one works in (Austin et al., 2013). However, communication skills are very important for any manager to ensure their success (Dozier, Grunig Grunig, 2013). Thus, the top 10 communication skills that can help the managers to understand the present job market is as follows- Listening- to be a good communicator it is important to be a good listener first. Managers who are good listeners are always preferred more by others as they will listen to others as well. Thus, active listening skill plays an important role for the managers where they pay close attention to what the other person has to say. Non-verbal communication- body language, eye contact, hand gesture and the voice tone all pay an essential role in what an individual is trying to deliver. Thus, for a manager the tone should be relaxed, friendly and open stance where the other employees must feel that he is approachable and these non-verbal communication elements will influence others to express openly in front of the manager (Burgoon, Guerrero Floyd, 2016). Clarity and concision- a manager who are good communicators never say too little or way too much while communicating rather they just say as much as they need to. The best possible way is to convey messages in little words as possible. Clear and direct messages are important from the manager's side to be it on phone, in person or through emails. Friendliness- managers who have a friendly tone, personal questions or may be simply a smiling face can greatly encourage their coworkers to attract them in open and honest communication with their managers. Confidence- while interacting with the employees, managers must be confident while they are interacting with others. Thus, confidence in the managers makes the co-workers feel that the manager believes and will follow what he believes. Confidence is reflected through the managers eye contact while taking, firm and friendly tone (Davidson Stevens, 2012). Empathy- managers need to understand and respect the point of view of the employer, the co-worker or the followers. Thus, listening to others and respecting their point of view is important on the managers part. Open-mindedness- for a manager it is very important to have a flexible and open mind to be a good communicator. Thus, managers must be open to listening and honest when they are conversing with others. Respect- managers must show respect to other employees as well as to their ideas. To show respect managers should take the name of the worker, make eye contact while conversing and listen actively while conversing. Feedback- managers must have the skill so that they can properly give and take feedback from others. Feedback, however, is an important skill area for the managers. Managers, as well as the supervisors, should repeatedly search for different ways in which they can provide their co-workers with feedbacks that are constructive. Picking the right medium- the most important thing in communication by the managers is to have the knowledge where they can use the correct form of communication in the correct situation. There are few communication theories which can help the managers and the organization determine their culture of the organization. Thus, there are following four theories of communication- Critical theory- according to this theory the communication takes on the role where it can settle conflicts, avert problems between a set of individuals, motivating the employees so that they can do more and lastly, imparting direction that will unite the workforce under one goal (Baynes, 2013). Information theory- this theory mainly deals with the way information proceeds with as little mistake possible. Here communication mainly focuses on the massages so that they can be mended so that it cannot be modified. It, however, confirms the accuracy of the communication. Moreover, one can hold the recipient of the message as more responsible than the sender who is responsible for the final statement of the communication. Post-positive theory- this theory puts attention on messages intended to keep employees obeying the rules and then smoothly working altogether. The post-positive theory basically thinks that order is a natural condition in any company. Groupware theory- as technology advances there are high chances where old lines of the communication may get modified. Thus, staffs can communicate via computers, mobiles, and other technologically advanced devices so that the information's are spread in organizations ahead of the desire of the management. However, there can be situations where information's that are positive can also flow from one department to the other before themanagement can notify the stakeholders of the modifications in any policy or in any initiative (Leonardi, 2014). Implications of communication in effective management practices Communication is the main element to succeed as a human resource management (HRM) or as a manager. In HR communication has an effective part to play because HRM is solely based on the effective communication practices. However, an effective communication is the essential element for human resource leaders. However, communication must be in sync along with the managers; managers with its employees so that it can support the internal as well as the external service to the customers, manage alterations within the company and build the unity of the HR department (Bratton Gold, 2012). Thus, the benefits that the manager can bestow in the organization through practicing effective communication are as follows- Intradepartmental communication- this point says that HR managers must learn themselves to productively communicate with the companys workforce. However, they are also bounded to strengthen the lines of communication among the HR leaderships and HR staffs. When the communication is done through an HR manager effectively with their employees then they together portray as a team with a steady mission that can begin HRs integrity throughout the company (Gondal Shahbaz, 2012). Strategic Direction- the HR managers who are among the high-level ones usually communicate with the topmost managers. In a company that utilizes the HR department leadership as a guide to creating a productive and attentive workforce, the HR managers manifest partnerships with the topmost leaders so that they can develop the organization's strategic direction. However, if there is an inability in the communication with the executives then HR risks them as not becoming a member of the team who will be responsible for defining the company's strategic growth and functional applications of their strategic plan. Functional implementations- the expertise of an HR manager is frequently demonstrated via communicating their knowledge of their job along with their best practices and their professional vision for the department and the company all over. The benefit of effective communication is that the functional application is suitable for the strategic direction of the organization and that the HR employees evidently understand how to proceed forward under the guidance of HR manager. Effective leadership- effective communication benefits the leadership of the HR manager. HR managers those who are competent of empowering the administrators and managers in the areas like the first responders for staffs relations matters, alleviate HR employees to handle many of the routine problems that appear within the department itself. However, HR expands and delivers leadership training as well. Communication benefits risk management- apart from the above-mentioned benefits there are other benefits and they are that HR leaders minimize the organization's liability for inequitable employee practices. Communicating the company's policy on equal staff opportunities and justifying decisions of the employees with appropriate documentation is also another feature or benefit for effective communication within the organization. However, communicating the policies of the company to its various departmental employees so that they understand the organization's commitment towards fair and equal treatment, despite their sex, race, religion, and disability (Hopkin, 2017). However, communication is very much essential in effective management practices in an organization. Communication needs to travel in all directions throughout the organization like from managers to their employees, from the employees back to the managers and also in between the team members. An effective manager is the one who can be an active listener and encourages a surrounding where the employee gets to know each other and believes in one another's strengths, weaknesses and their styles of communication (Block, 2016). However, effective management is a skill, but still, it can be learned if some basic principles are followed. Therefore the following steps can help develop managers:- Selecting the appropriate employee Showing empathy Clear communication with the employees Managers must lead by examples Managers must know how to delegate work to their team members so that their teammates also get the chance to contribute to some important projects. Managers must be positive as well as constructive Managers must thank their employees as well as reward back them for good work Managers must look after the development of their employees; they have the patience to guide them for betterment. Motivating innovations Managers must have a flexible approach so that they can adopt with various types of employees and granting them the freedom to work in their own styles. As mentioned in the first part of the report, communication is one of the most important qualities that a leader must have. As the very name suggests, the manager is someone who has to manage all the affairs of an organization. Hence, communication naturally becomes a very important trait or a skill area of the manager. It is also a very well known fact, that all the employees who come to work in any and every organization, are from different cultural and social backgrounds. Hence, it often becomes very difficult for them to understand the different rules and regulations of the company. However, implementing proper principles of communication will definitely help to make the employees very much comfortable within the office environment (Mazzei , 2014). As a manager, it must be the first and foremost duty to see if his employees are happy and comfortable within the office and also to ensure that the employees clearly understand the exact reasons behind the rules and regulations of the company and why must they abide by them. An essential outcome of having a good communication skill helps in answering the question "why". In other words, the employees often suffer from several unanswered questions like why must they care about the company rules, why must they be hundred percent efficient in their work, why is it important to not take unnecessary leaves, why is it important to keep the important company information confidential etc. It is through this effective communication skills that a manager can solve all these questions. He can talk with all these employees individually and listen to all their concerns. Not only that, it is only through effective communication that he will be able to solve all the doubts and fears that the employees have. Another important outcome of implementing a good communication in the workplace is preventing the process from being a onetime event. Implementing proper communication skill at each and every level of the company will make this process a two-sided one. In other words , effective communication is one that always will have a positive outcome from both ends that is from the sender as well as from the receiver. In other words, if the manager is making any kind of announcement or is circulating any email among his employees, it is the sole duty of the employees to see and revert back to them as well. Getting a proper feedback from all the employees will ensure that the process of effective communication has been successful. Communication type Objective Medium frequency audience Owner Deliverable Inculcate effective speaking within the employees by introducing a project To initiate communication and enable the employees in giving up hesitation Face to face once Project Sponsor Stakeholde-rs Project team Project manager Agenda Meeting minutes Involving all the members in giving the project review To involve all the team mates and make communication a two way process Face to face Conference call As needed Project team Project manager Agenda Meeting minutes Taking report of the project individually from all the team mates To listen to and cater to all the problems of each and every employee Face to face interaction Personal meeting Daily Weekly monthly PMO Project manager Employee feedback Communicating with a friendly body language and gestures for imbibing positivity Helping to reduce the negative vibes from the employees, cheering them up with positivity and helping them to restore their confidence and productivity Face to face presentatio-n daily All the employees Project manager Project status report Another important outcome of implementing effective communication within the organization will also ensure that the employees are getting whatever is being communicated to them by their superiors or their managers. Apart from this, another important outcome of this effective communication will be to get the feedback from the employees (Holmes, Atherton Tweed 2014). If the managers are freely communicating with all their employees, it will make the employees feel very much wanted. It is only as a positive outcome of effective communication that the manager will ask for the active participation of the employees in any and every big or small decisions taking place within the organization. This will help the employees in knowing that they are very much valued within the organization. A sound and effective communication system will help in grooming the trust and confidence of the employees both within themselves and within the organization as well (Belsha et al., 2017). This will in turn help in increasing the productivity of the employees. Achievements Implementing effective communication within the organization will definitely have some positive achievements Building long-term relationship Offices are not only the place where people come for working; they also make friends in one's workplace. Apart from working hard, it is also very much essential for the employees to develop friendly relationships. Having a good trust and a long-standing relationship is very much essential for maintaining a healthy work atmosphere as well (Carr et al., 2016). Breeds trust It has been seen that the employees tend to open up more when they meet face to face than when they communicate through technological means. The groups that meet and talks face facing build up more trust and effective cooperation between themselves. Communication helps in using several friendly gestures and body languages as well ( Hashim 2015). These include a formal hug or a handshake or a pat on the back just in order to show respect and a token of friendliness, faith, respect, and understanding. These help in generating the feeling of positivity within the organization (Raina Roebuck 2016). Often there are several negative opinions and negative comments that the employees get to hear from their co-workers or even their superiors. These negative vibes often take away the positive mood from the employees. This negative vibe may render the entire day bad and ineffective. It is during this time, that a good and comfortable communication helps a lot. It helps in encouraging and motiv ating the employees a great deal. (Fan et al., 2015) Problem-solving skills Both effective communication and the problem-solving skills go hand in hand. It is often seen that some of the employees within an organization are hesitant in many affairs. They naturally look to their leaders or their managers for guidance and help. If the managers fail to talk freely with their employees then he is likely to lose the trust of his employees. He needs to freely engage in a conversation with all his staff and listen to all their doubts patiently (Vihakara 2014). He must also try his level best to make them speak and open up. He must encourage his employees not to stay quiet regarding their issues and problems. Communication is always the best tool to come put from shyness and open up freely in one's work environment. This will enable the manager to know about all the problems that his employees are facing in the workplace. Multigenerational relations It is a proven fact that in any and every work field, there will obviously be several areas of conflict. However, these conflicts can often arise between the employees due to o many reasons. It will be the duty of the manager to see to this and solve this problem. Good communication skills will definitely help the manager to easily manage this problem. It is only through communication that the manager can overcome such complicated situations and encourage his employees to give up the disputes between themselves and work peacefully. Maintaining industrial peace Communication will definitely help in solving all the disputes taking place between the employees. There are also several attitudes that can be used in an organization for getting the positive outcomes of effective communications. Often the employees suffer from some of their personal tensions as well. These personal problems mingled with the work pressure create a very bad impact on their mood and this, in turn, can affect their productive capacities as well. If the manager takes a good initiative and starts communicating with all his employees then it will really be very helpful. Sharing and opening up will definitely make the employees much relieved from their tensions and they will naturally be able to work with a cheered up mood. This, in turn, will enhance the productivity of all the employees and the entire operation of the organization will be running smoothly (Helfat Peteraf 2015). Conclusion Thereby it can be concluded from this paper that effective communication is very much important in each and every aspect of an organization. It is of utmost importance on part of a manager to imbibe this skill of effective communication within him. Among all the good qualities that a manager must contain, communication is one of them. Communication is the building block of a successful and well-functioning working organization. Though effective communication is not a very easy process to be implemented and followed within the first go, gradually kit must be started. A manager can himself start communicating with all his employees one by one. This will not only make him know all the doubts and complaints of his employees but it will also make the employees feel very much wanted. The managers will be able to win over the trust of his employees. This will assure the employees that they are valued within the organization. This will increase the self-confidence of the employees and conseq uently, their overall production will also be increased. References Austin, M. J., Regan, K., Gothard, S., Carnochan, S. (2013). Becoming a manager in nonprofit human service organizations: Making the transition from specialist to generalist.Administration in social work,37(4), 372-385. Baynes, K. (2013).Critical theory. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Belsha, D., Urs, A., Attard, T., Thomson, M. (2017). Effectiveness of Double-balloon Enteroscopy-facilitated Polypectomy in Paediatric Patients With PEUTZ-Jeghers Syndrome.Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Block, P. (2016).The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., Floyd, K. (2016).Nonverbal communication. Routledge. Carr, R. H., Montz, B., Maxfield, K., Hoekstra, S., Semmens, K., Goldman, E. (2016). Effectively Communicating Risk and Uncertainty to the Public: Assessing the National Weather Services Flood Forecast and Warning Tools.of Research on Human Factors in Contemporary Workforce Development(pp. 201-225). IGI Global. Davidson, B. I., Stevens, D. E. (2012). Can a code of ethics improve manager behavior and investor confidence? An experimental study.The Accounting Review,88(1), 51-74. Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E. (2013).Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Fan, S. P., Liberman, Z., Keysar, B., Kinzler, K. D. (2015). The exposure advantage: Early exposure to a multilingual environment promotes effective communication.Psychological Science,26(7), 1090-1097. Gondal, U. H., Shahbaz, M. (2012). Interdepartmental communication increases organizational performance keeping HRM as a mediating variable.Journal of Asian Business Strategy,2(6), 127. Hashim, J. (2015). Information communication technology (ICT) adoption among SME owners in Malaysia.International Journal of Business and Information,2(2). Helfat, C. E., Peteraf, M. A. (2015). Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities.Strategic Management Journal,36(6), 831-850. Holmes, J., Atherton, E., Tweed, C. (2014). Engaging stakeholders on complex, and potentially contested, science.The Safety Case for Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste: 2013 State of the Art. Hopkin, P. (2017).Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Leonardi, P. M. (2014). Social media, knowledge sharing, and innovation: Toward a theory of communication visibility.Information systems research,25(4), 796-816. Mazzei, A. (2014). Internal communication for employee enablement: Strategies in American and Italian companies.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,19(1), 82-95. Raina, R., Roebuck, D. B. (2016). Exploring cultural influence on managerial communication in relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and the employees propensity to leave in the insurance sector of India.International Journal of Business Communication,53(1), 97-130. Shen, L., Austin, L. (2017). Communication and Job Satisfaction. InHandbook Vihakara, A. (2014). Patience and understanding: a narrative approach to managerial communication in a Sino-Finnish joint venture.

Ai - Edge Of Excellence Essays - Artificial Intelligence

Ai - Edge Of Excellence Essays - Artificial Intelligence Ai - Edge Of Excellence Running head: The Edge of Excellence The Edge of Excellence Kathleen P. Munn Community College of Philadelphia Recently, the media has spent an increasing amount of broadcast time on new technology. The focus of high-tech media has been aimed at the flurry of advances concerning artificial intelligence (AI). What is artificial intelligence and what is the media talking about? Are these technologies beneficial to our society or mere novelties among business and marketing professionals? Medical facilities, police departments, and manufacturing plants have all been changed by AI but how? These questions and many others are the concern of the general public brought about by the lack of education concerning rapidly advancing computer technology. Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a machine to think for itself. Scientists and theorists continue to debate if computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point (Patterson 7). The generally accepted theory is that computers do and will think more in the future. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly because of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic (Patterson 6). Early attempts at AI were neural networks modeled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal at best because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower using exotic computers or workstations. Even more exotic is the software that is used. Since there are very few applications that are pre-written using AI, each company has to write it's own software for the solution to the problem. An easier way around this obstacle is to design an add-on. Neural networks have entered the spotlight with surprisingly successful results. A neural network is a type of information processing system whose architecture is similar to the structure of biological neural systems (Butler and Caudill 5). The neural network tries to mimic the way a brain and nervous system work by analyzing sensory inputs and calculating an outcome. Before it can be used a neural network must be trained. Some can learn by themselves, some require training by doing, and others learn by trial and error. A computer learns by naturally associating items the computer is taught and grouping them together physically. Additionally, a computer can retrieve stored information from incomplete or partially incorrect clues. Neural networks are able to generalize categories based on specifics of the contents. Lastly, it is highly fault tolerant. This means that the network can sustain a large amount of damage and still function. This type of system is inherently an excellent des ign for any application that requires little human intervention and that must learn on the go. Created by Lotfi Zadeh almost thirty years ago, fuzzy logic is a mathematical system that deals with imprecise descriptions, such as new, nice, or large (Schmuller 14). This concept was also inspired from biological roots. The inherent vagueness in everyday life motivates fuzzy logic systems (Schmuller 8). In contrast to the usual yes and no answers, this type of system can distinguish the shades in-between. This system provides a smart light that can decide whether a traffic light should be changed more often or remain green longer. In order for these smart lights to work the system assigns a value to an input and analyzes all the inputs at once. Those inputs that have the highest value get the highest amount of attention. Another promising arena of AI is chaos engineering. The chaos theory is the cutting-edge mathematical discipline aimed at making sense of the ineffable and finding order among seemingly random events (Weiss 138). The theory came to life in 1963 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Edward Lorenz, who was frustrated with

Factors that influence Major League and Minor League Baseball

Factors that influence Major League and Minor League Baseball Introduction The field of games is a rather demanding area that calls for a fair deal of devotion if one is to succeed in it. Games come in different categories. However, inasmuch as each category wishes to attract fans based on its records of fabulous performance, it is crucial to note that various factors boost and or lower the performance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Factors that influence Major League and Minor League Baseball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper narrows down to the baseball game. Major league and minor league baseball attendance are affected by a myriad of factors ranging from the motivational factors that attract fans, to ticket pricing. In between these two extremes, scholarly works have shown a number of factors to be significant in influencing the attendance in baseball matches. Meehan, Nelson and Richardson (2007, p.572) sheds light that, â€Å"A host of factors influenc es the demand for sports, including the price of tickets, fan income, the population of the drawing area, team quality, and the age of the stadiums in which teams play†. Other factors include crowd control, parking, and concession. These factors are what researchers  have referred to as environmental factors. Fans of a given sport differ enormously from fans of another sport and hence the factors that affect their attendance in the matches are widely controlled to a different extent by the same factors. What this means is that one factor may have positive effects in drawing the spectators to cheer up a given match while in a different sport, it may produce the opposite effects. With this in mind, this paper introspect the factors that affect sports attendance with reference to principal and minor baseball league. The complexity and magnitude of promotions and marketing of entertainments products during the matches ardently influence major baseball leagues. Other factors that are given consideration in the paper includes but not limited to team quality, top prospects, ticket pricing, prospects of terrorism, influence of international players and location of base ball facilities. However, these factors widely act in a combination mode and hence they influence attendance compositely. Major and minor baseball league attendance Promotions Various scholarly works have confirmed promotions to increase attendance of baseball contests. Various types of promotions, however, influence attendance differently. As Gitter and Rhoads (2011, p.345) claim, â€Å"While price promotions affected attendance negatively in all clubs, non-price and combinations of promotions were associated with an increase in attendance for all teams.†Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Butler conducted a study of determinants of the minor games attendance in 2006 Carolina baseball league. The analysis of the study predominantly focused on the effect of different promotions conducted during the game day, as opposed to promotions conducted throughout the season. In this regard, Butler (2002, p.328) posits that, â€Å"The operation of Major League Baseball (MLB) teams is a remarkably complex enterprise involving the marketing of a diverse multi-dimensional entertainment commodity. Apart from promotion of concession products: soft drinks, hot dogs and the likes, promotion of home teams tickets increases the attendance for home teams fans. Increased buying power goes hand in hand in the provision of the positive response to promotional campaigns. Arguably, the demand for tickets and hence the attendance during minor baseball leagues is impeccably affected by income per capita. Butler (2002, p.328) reckons that, â€Å"the higher the per capita income in the host county (or host city) for a minor league team, the greater demand for tickets in th at county.† Attendance for minor base ball league, consequently, is a function of factors that affect the demand for the home team tickets and the factors that impede the promotion of the home team entertainment products. Using the data generated form Carolina baseball league attendance in the year 2006. Butler (2002, p.334) found out that â€Å"attendance, expressed in relative terms as a number of persons in attendance as a percent of stadium capacity was directly related to the per capita income of the county or the city of the host team†. The attendance was also a function of the other benefits such fare deals of foods and drinks products. Reduction of food and drinks prices sold during the matches and other products for home teams such as caps, T-shirts are promotion endeavors, which have a tremendous capacity to draw a substantial volume of attendance (Gifis, 2006, p.513). Scheduling the games on Saturday and Fridays has also the capacity to increase attendance. C onsequently, given the capacity of the promotions to increase the attendance, combining the two has an ability to raise the attendance even more. Team quality Team quality affects not only major league baseball attendance, but also minor league attendance. According to Gitter and Rhoads (2010) â€Å"there is evidence that minor and MLB are substitutes as increased ticket prices for the nearest MLB team lead to higher minor league attendance if that team is within 100 miles† (p.620). Most fans interpret quality of the team as reflective of its performance. Maintained satisfactory performance stands a perfect chance of increasing the team’s attractiveness before the eyes of its supporters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Factors that influence Major League and Minor League Baseball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A study conducted by Greenstein and Marcumin 1982 revealed that major baseball att endance was a function of win-loss record in previous matches (Kahane Shmanske, 1997, p.427). In the variance of attendance, 25% of it was accounted for by the team’s record of performance. Attractiveness or rather the quality of the team plays pivotal roles in making the decision to attend. Arguably, the fans of given Baseball team whether in major or minor leagues attend games to celebrate the winning of their team. In case a team has been recording losses more than wins, most of the fans will tend to shun from attendance since they do not want to be part of loss. This perhaps leads to the appreciation of the significance of considering the team’s quality in determining the attendance of major and minor Baseball league. As Kahane and Shmanske (1997, p.434) reckon, â€Å"The attractiveness of the visiting team (its quality, the presence of star players, the strength of its rivalry with the home team, etc.) is a second crucial factor in fans decision making about gam e attendance† (p.40). Congruent with this view, if a visiting team has recorded a negative record in terms of performance, most likely the home team fans are likely to attend in large numbers even though the visiting team might have not held contests previously with the home team. According to Gitter and Rhoads (2010) â€Å"†¦local or regional MLB team’s winning percentage only has a positive impact on minor league attendance when they are affiliated clubs† (p.614). Thus, it is plausible to argue that affiliation of teams coupled with fans perceptions about their team’s quality has an impeccable influence in determining whether to attend or not to attend a major or minor Baseball league competition. Top prospects The existing enthusiasm among fans to see the future baseball star contributes to increased attendance during the minor leagues. According to Gitter and Rhoads (2010), â€Å"Baseball America, a leading industry publication, ranks 100 top pro spects that have yet to play substantially in the principal leagues† (p.614). For a whole year, the one hundred prospects develop within their localities before taking part in major leagues. Fans attend baseball minor leagues driven by enthusiasm to have a glimpse of the likely star to take part in the major leagues. The study conducted by Gitter and Rhoads claims that â€Å"only those prospects ranked in the top five and the highest AAA have an impact on their team’s attendance and their impact on attendance is small† (2010, p.615). From these results, it follows that for those stars rated least in the Baseball America ranks for top 100 prospects have little capacity to draw fans attention and hence attendance during their minor base ball leagues.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguably, this is perhaps because the majority of the fans interpreted the ranking as likely indication of how such prospects would perform during the matches. This argument consequently takes us to the idea that fans would like to be associated with winning teams rather than losing teams. Since motivation is essentials in any game, the best prospects have the ability to produce baseball stars during the major leagues. Fans produce this motivation since their large attendance serves to give the players the belief that they are the best in the ranking as put forward by Baseball America. It is somewhat subtle to argue that, if top prospects can increase minor league attendance, them if these prospects happens to participate in the major league then, there is no doubt that the attendance will also be high. Unfortunately, this argument tend to infer that only those that who are ranked high by Baseball America have the chances of being Baseball stars during major leagues. Even though, th e ranking of baseball prospects by Baseball America may increase the attendance percentage according to various scholarly studies, the increment is minimal. According to Gitter and Rhoads (2010), â€Å"minor league Baseball player ranking by Baseball America as top prospects increases attendance for minor league team by a minimal amount (less than 2%)† (p.621). However, even though this increment is small, its contribution to sporting facilities revenues increment is quite significant. This is particularly pertinent since most of this revenue goes into improvement of sports facilities. In fact, new facilities have indicated their ability to increase attendance of fans both in minor and major baseball leagues (Roy, 2008, 146). Fear of Terrorism Sporting facilities are crucial targets of terrorist activities. Consequently, various sporting managers anticipate all range of consequences in term of fans attendances especially with increased perceptions and fears of terrorism activ ities. Kalist (2010) laments that, â€Å"sports venues may experience falling ticket sales as the public becomes more concerned about the threat of terrorism† (p.181). Increase of terror alerts results to escalation of reduction of Baseball fans attendance. Kalist reckons that â€Å"during the early days of the nations first-ever increase in the terror-alert level (i.e., rose from yellow to orange) attendance decreased by as much as 12%. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that a team may have lost more than a half million dollars in attendance revenue† (2010, p.181). However, this suggestion faces incredible opposition since the most recent terror alerts has not been positively reflected into a reduction of fans attendance. The researchers of study conducted it in a time perhaps when people were not used to terror attacks threats by the ministry of state security. This is largely because most of the terror attacks threats hardly success. Terror attacks threats that do not materialize. They make the public to lose confidence for government’s announcements of likelihoods of terror attacks. However, sporting facilities remain outstanding targets for terror attacks perhaps due to high anticipations of a large crowd turnout. In fact, â€Å"he Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has made repeated statements about terrorist interest in stadiums† (Kalist, 2010, 189). Convenience and security are perhaps two factors that fans establish tradeoffs. Inadequate security has the capacity to annoy the fans to the level that they may choose never to attend again in the future. This is argument is perhaps more significant and applicable to people who have encountered insecurity instances at one or more attendances. Fears of terrorism have additionally resulted in the increment of insurance costs. For economic reasons, the owners of the stadiums have to extend this cost to the fans in terms of increased tickets, prices. Feeling of insecuri ty fueled by fears of terror attacks affects major and minor baseball leagues attendance negatively both in terms of increase in ticket prices and the need to refrain from places that one is likely to be afflicted by aftermaths of the terror attacks. International players The United States does not dispute the incorporation of foreign players into the Baseball teams. It is widely acceptable among sporting scholars that fans initially attended tournaments to celebrate the achievements of people they regarded as ‘their own’. Does the incorporation of foreign players in the baseball team affect the attendance of the fans? Tainsky and Winfree (2010) demonstrated â€Å"how traditional studies of consumer’s discrimination can be applied to gauge the impacts of international players in sports† (p.126). According to Tainsky and Winfree, the incorporation of a foreign player not only resulted to discrimination amongst the MLB teams players but also affected the tea m’s quality. However, â€Å"the net effect of additional international player has evolved with time from negative to positive† (Tainsky and Winfree, 2010, p.126). More and more fans continue to develop the sense of internationalism. Hence, their attendance in response to incorporation of international players in major Baseball leagues also increases lineally. This is, in fact, immensely vital since as Tainsky and Winfree (2010) reckon, â€Å"MLB, have actively tried to become more international by signing international players or scheduling more games outside the United States† (127). Perhaps also with appreciation of the need to incorporate the international players in the MLB teams, MLB deploys incredible endeavors to advertize base ball tournaments in other languages apart from English. As Tainsky and Winfree (2010) argue â€Å"†¦domestic demand is not affected by international players† (p.127). Opposed to long gone perceptions, global perceptions have resulted to immense alteration of fans regards about international players in the MLB. Furthermore, Tainsky and Winfree (2010) indicate, â€Å"The largest negative change in revenue from an international player came in 1985 with a loss of $731,875. In 2000 when the effect peaked teams increased their revenue by $595,632 from an international player†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.127). Based on people’s arguments, increased arise from increased attendance. Location of the major league Location influences the attendance of fans in the Baseball tournaments especially the major leagues. Location is significant since it influences other factors such the capacity of the fans to commute. The influence of location to attendance of major Baseball league concerned Winfree, Mittelhammer and Fort who conducted a â€Å" travel-cost model to analyze the attendance impacts on major league baseball (MLB) of the closest substitute MLB team† (2004, p.2117). Majority of the Baseball leagues own ers complains of the probabilities of experiencing uncertainties in terms of finance in future attributable to imbalances of competition problems. As part of the solution to these problems, people have stood an excellent chance of  making many proposals. One of them is that â€Å"MLB should allow owners to move their teams, especially to larger markets to reduce the imbalance† (Winfree, Mittelhammer Fort, 2004, p.2117). One question surface: Does change of location by virtues of relocating a major Baseball facility to a market with more financial capacity help increasing attendance and hence the revenues to the owners of the facilities? Location carries within itself many other factors that might influence attendance such as the existence of other Baseball teams within the area that might acts as substitutes that would have the net effect of reducing the attendance of a certain MLB. Location is significant in the evaluation of factors that influence the attendance since tr avel cost entangles a cost that Baseball fans have to meet. Arguably, if location needs to be significant, then in case there are two facilities within an area that offers equal utilities amongst fans, then it is widely anticipated that the fans would choose to attend the tournament that is closest to them. In this context, it â€Å"implies that attendance lost to a substitute team should be a functions of the distance to that other substitute† (Tainsky and Winfree, 2004, p.2118). Now, it is essential to ask ourselves how prominent location is in comparison to fans loyalty to their teams. From a different dimension, it is crucial to look at the location and its impacts to the attendance of Baseball leagues as a function of other factors that influence the same. Tainsky and Winfree, (2004) posits that â€Å"The utility of a Baseball fan is a function of the number of visits to baseball stadiums, the quality of the teams, the quality of those stadiums, as well as all other goo ds consumed† (p.2118). It is thus worth to argue that, the dominant factor among all these factor wins in terms of contributing and controlling the fans decision to attend a given Baseball competition. Tainsky and Winfree finding claim, â€Å"A travel cost model is used to explain attendance for MLB teams, 1963–1998. At the sample average variable values, a one-mile increase in distance to a substitute MLB team increases attendance by about 1544 fans† (2004,p.2123). These results indicate that in case a substitute team emerges within the vicinity of an existing team, the attendance of the first team is likely to reduce. However, when this teams assume their market share of fans, â€Å"ongoing attendance impacts are small, even when a team might be placed fairly close to another† (Tainsky and Winfree, 2004, p.2123). Bearing in mind the economic consequences change of the location can have on the fans’ attendance, change of location should encompass o ne of the things that owners of Baseball facilities needs to consider before attempting shift the location of their facilities. However, this does not disregard out the weight of other factors that may contribute towards pre-bargaining for the need of relocation. This is largely justifiable since a good number of fans can be willing to attend tournaments of Baseball teams to which they have developed incredible loyalty towards no matter the commuting costs. Ticket pricing Sport teams have three principal sources of income. These sources are â€Å"sales, of media rights, concession sales and ticket sales† (Meehan, Nelson Richardson, 2007, p.572). As a way of ensuring that sport teams have maximized their profits, the team’s owners need to be in possession of ample knowledge about the relationship, between the attendance and the pricing of the tickets. Pricing tickets at higher prices, from the most general dimension and given that the demand is inflexible, means increa sed revenues and hence profits. On the other hand, increased attendance, even without necessarily increasing ticket prices, means increased revenues. However, is it possible for demand to be inflexible even in the helm of increased ticket prices? As Meehan, Nelson and Richardson (2007, p.572) posit, â€Å"A host of factors influences the demand for sports, including the price of tickets, fan income, the population of the drawing area, team quality, and the age of the stadiums in which teams play†. Each of these factors has different impacts on the attendance. For instance, Meehan, Nelson and Richardson (2007, p.574) claims that â€Å"the sensitivity of attendance to changes in the price of tickets (the elasticity of demand) and to changes in average incomes (the income elasticity) may vary from team to team†. Meehan, Nelson and Richardson’s study investigated 23 MLB teams in 1970 to 2003. They deployed series data to make them be at a point to pin point on certa in factors that had a direct influence on the attendance of Baseball leagues. To this extent, ECM (error correction model) came in handy. The results of the study indicated that ticket pricing was amongst the factors that affected the attendance in the baseball league. Their results contend with other scholarly studies that â€Å"MLB ticket prices are set in the inelastic range of demand† (Meehan, Nelson and Richardson 2007, p.577). Setting ticket prices in any elastic range of demand has the effect of reducing demand and hence revenues in case any adjustments are made on the ticket prices. This is perhaps necessary for the purposes of ensuring that ticket pricing does not result to dwindled demand. Reduced demand is a substantial impediment towards ensuring increment of baseball facilities profitability. Conclusion A number of factors affect the attendance of fans in both major and minor baseball leagues. These factors range from incidences of voicing likelihood of terror at tacks, team quality, top prospects, ticket pricing, and influence of international players, promotions and location of Baseball facilities. Before making any policy, the Baseball facilities owners, consequently, need to put all these factors into consideration since they affect the attendance of the fans differently. This goes hand in hand in determining the future financial position of the Baseball clubs. Reference List Butler, M. (2002). Interleague Play and Baseball Attendance.  Journal of Sports  Economics, 3(4), 320-334. Gifis, L. (2006). Promotions and Attendance in Minor League Baseball. Atlantic  Economic Journal, 34(4), 513. Gitter, S., Rhoads, T. (2010). Determinants of Minor League Baseball Attendance. Journal of Sports Economics, 11(6), 614-628. Gitter, S., Rhoads, T. (2011). Top Prospects and Minor League Baseball Attendance.  Journal of Sports Economics, 12(3), 341-351. Kahane, L., Shmanske, S. (1997). Team roster turnover and attendance in major League Base ball. Applied Economics, 29(4), 425-431. Kalist, E. (2010). Terror Alert Levels and Major League Baseball Attendance. International. Journal of Sport Finance, 5(3), 181-192. Meehan, J., Nelson, R., Richardson, T. (2007). Competitive Balance and Game Attendance in Major League Baseball.  Journal of Sports Economics, 8(6), 563-580. Roy, P. (2008). Impact of New Minor League Baseball Stadiums on Game Attendance. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(3), 146-153. Tainsky, S., Winfree J. (2010). Discrimination and Demand: The Effect of International Players on Attendance in Major League Baseball. Social Science Quarterly, 91(1), 117-128. Winfree, J., Mittelhammer, R., Fort, R. (2004). Location and Attendance in Major League Baseball. Applied Economics, 36(19), 2117-2124.